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Phosphorylation of intracellular serine and threonine residues is the most important post translational modification of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) also called heptahelical or seven transmembrane receptors (7TMR). After agonist exposure, these receptors acquire an active conformation, which is recognized by a family of highly specialized GPCR kinases (GRKs). Agonist-driven phosphorylation by GRKs regulates acute receptor desensitization, arrestin recruitment, internalization, post-activation signaling, long-term tolerance and drug addiction. Phosphosite-specific 7TM antibodies are designed to specifically detect agonist-activated GPCRs. In fact, recent work shows that ligand profiling using phosphosite-specific 7TM antibodies provides valuble information on ligand bias beyond that obtained with conventional ß-arrestin recruitment assays. Phosphosite-specific 7TM antibodies are novel tools for GPCR research that can be used to:

  • profile agonist properties of novel GPCR ligands
  • decipher the phosphorylation barcode of GPCRs
  • determine the spatial and temporal dynamics of receptor phosphorylation
  • identify relevant kinases and phosphatases for GPCR phosphorylation and dephosphoryation

Lifecycle3

Schematic representation of the G protein-coupled receptor phosphorylation / dephosphorylation cycle. GRK, G protein-coupled receptor kinase; PKC, protein kinase C; cPP1, catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 1; R*, activated GPCR; CCP, clathrin-coated pit. 

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Agonist-induced Serine383/Serine384 phosphorylation of the Proteinase-Activated Receptor 2
pS383/pS384-PAR2 (phospho-Proteinase-Activated...
Serine383/Serine384 (S383/S384) is major phosphorylation site of the Proteinase-Activated Receptor 2 (PAR2). The pS383/pS384-PAR2 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to agonists. S383/S384 phosphorylation is likely to be...
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Agonist-induced Threonine338 phosphorylation of the Hydroxycarboxylic Acid Receptor 2.
pT338-HCA2 (phospho-Hydroxycarboxylic Acid...
Threonine338 (T338) is major phosphorylation site of the Hydroxycarboxylic Acid Receptor 2 (HCA2). The pT338-HCA2 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to agonists. T338 phosphorylation is likely to be involved in efficient ligand...
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Agonist-induced Threonine347 phosphorylation of the FFA Receptor 4
pT347-FFA4 (phospho-FFA4 Antibody)
Threonine347 (T347) is major phosphorylation site of the FFA Receptor 4 (FFA4). The pT347-FFA4 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to agonists. T347 phosphorylation is likely to be involved in efficient ligand sequestration by...
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Agonist-induced Threonine328/Serine329 phosphorylation of the FFA Receptor 3
pT328/pS329-FFA3 (phospho-FFA3 Antibody)
Threonine328/Serine329 (T328/S329) is major phosphorylation site of the FFA Receptor 3 (FFA3). The pT328/pS329-FFA3 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to agonists. T328/S329 phosphorylation is likely to be involved in efficient...
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Agonist-induced Serine326/Threonine327 phosphorylation of the Complement C5a Receptor 2.
pS326/pT327-C5a2 (phospho-Complement C5a...
Serine326/Threonine327 (S326/T327) is major phosphorylation site of the Complement Peptide Receptor 2 (C5a2). The pS326/pT327-C5a2 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to agonists. S326/S327 phosphorylation is likely to be...
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Agonist-induced Threonine342 phosphorylation of the Complement C5a Receptor 1
pT342-C5a1 (phospho-Complement C5a Receptor 1...
Threonine342 (T342) is a major phosphorylation site of the C5a1 receptor. The pT342-C5a1 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to high- and low-efficacy agonists but not after PKC activation. T342 phosphorylation is a key...
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pS338/pT339-C5a1 (phospho-Complement C5a Receptor 1 Antibody)
pS338/pT339-C5a1 (phospho-Complement C5a...
Serine338/Threonine339 (S338/T339) is a major phosphorylation site of the C5a1 receptor. The pS338/pT339-C5a1 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to high- and low-efficacy agonists but not after PKC activation. S338/T339...
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Agonist-induced Threonine336 phosphorylation of the Complement C5a Receptor 1
pT336-C5a1 (phospho-Complement C5a Receptor 1...
Threonine336 (T336) is a major phosphorylation site of the C5a1 receptor. The pT336-C5a1 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to high- and low-efficacy agonists but not after PKC activation. T336 phosphorylation is a key...
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Agonist-induced Serine332/Serine334 phosphorylation of the Complement C5a Receptor 1.
pS332/pS334-C5a1 (phospho-Complement C5a...
Serine332/serine334 (S332/S334) is a major phosphorylation site of the C5a1 receptor. The pS332/pS334-C5a1 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to high- and low-efficacy agonists and after PKC activation. S332/S334...
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Agonist-induced Threonine324/Serine327 phosphorylation of the Complement C5a Receptor 1.
pT324/pS327-C5a1 (phospho-Complement C5a...
Threonine324/serine327 (T324/S327) is a major phosphorylation site of the C5a1 receptor. The pT324/pS327-C5a1 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to high- and low-efficacy agonists but not after PKC activation. T324/S327...
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Agonist-induced Serine320/Serine321 phosphorylation of the CXC Chemokine Receptor 6
pS320/pS321-CXCR6 (phospho-CXC Chemokine...
Serine320/Serine321 (S320/S321) is a major phosphorylation site of the CXCR6 receptor. The pS320/pS321-CXCR6 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to high- and low-efficacy agonists but not after PKC activation. S320/S321...
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Agonist-induced Serine325/Threonine327 phosphorylation of the CXC Chemokine Receptor 6
pS325/pT327-CXCR6 (phospho-CXC Chemokine...
Serine325/Threonine327 (S325/T327) is a major phosphorylation site of the CXCR6 receptor. The pS325/pT327-CXCR6 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to high- and low-efficacy agonists but not after PKC activation. S325/T327...
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Agonist-induced Serine329/Serine331 phosphorylation of the CXC Chemokine Receptor 6
pS329/pS331-CXCR6 (phospho-CXC Chemokine...
Serine329/Serine331 (S329/S331) is a major phosphorylation site of the CXCR6 receptor. The pS329/pS331-CXCR6 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to high- and low-efficacy agonists and after PKC activation. S329/S331...
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Agonist-induced Serine338/Threonine342 phosphorylation of the Atypical Chemokine Receptor 4
pS338/pT342-ACKR4 (phospho-Atypical Chemokine...
Serine338/Threonine342 (S338/T342) is major phosphorylation site of the Atypical Chemokine Receptor 4 (ACKR4). The pS338/pT342-ACKR4 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to agonists. S338/ST42 phosphorylation is likely to be...
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pS348/pS350-ACKR2 (phospho-Atypical Chemokine Receptor 2 Antibody)
pS348/pS350-ACKR2 (phospho-Atypical Chemokine...
Serine348/Serine350 (S348/S350) is major phosphorylation site of the Atypical Chemokine Receptor 2 (ACKR2). The pS348/pS350-ACKR2 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to agonists. S348/S350 phosphorylation is likely to be...
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Agonist-induced Threonine338/Threonine340 phosphorylation of the Cannabinoid Receptor 2
pT338/pT340-CB2 (phospho-Cannabinoid Receptor 2...
Threonine338/Threonine340 (T338/T340) is major phosphorylation site of the Cannabinoid Receptor 2 (CB2). The pT338/pT340-CB2 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to agonists. T338/T340 phosphorylation is likely to be involved in...
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For further reading refer to:

Kliewer A, Reinscheid RK, Schulz S. Emerging Paradigms of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Dephosphorylation. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2017 Jul;38(7):621-636. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2017.04.002. Epub 2017 May 4. Review. PubMed PMID: 28478994.

Miess E, Gondin AB, Yousuf A, Steinborn R, Mösslein N, Yang Y, Göldner M, Ruland JG, Bünemann M, Krasel C, Christie MJ, Halls ML, Schulz S, Canals M. Multisite phosphorylation is required for sustained interaction with GRKs and arrestins during rapid μ-opioid receptor desensitization. Sci Signal. 2018 Jul 17;11(539). pii: eaas9609. doi: 10.1126/scisignal.aas9609. PubMed PMID: 30018083.

Kliewer A, Schmiedel F, Sianati S, Bailey A, Bateman JT, Levitt ES, Williams JT, Christie MJ, Schulz S. Phosphorylation-deficient G-protein-biased μ-opioid receptors improve analgesia and diminish tolerance but worsen opioid side effects. Nat Commun. 2019 Jan 21;10(1):367. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-08162-1. PubMed PMID: 30664663; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6341117.

Mann A, Moulédous L, Froment C, O'Neill PR, Dasgupta P, Günther T, Brunori G, Kieffer BL, Toll L, Bruchas MR, Zaveri NT, Schulz S. Agonist-selective NOP receptor phosphorylation correlates in vitro and in vivo and reveals differential post-activation signaling by chemically diverse agonists. Sci Signal. 2019 Mar 26;12(574). pii: eaau8072. doi: 10.1126/scisignal.aau8072. PubMed PMID: 30914485; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6934085.

Saaber F, Schütz D, Miess E, Abe P, Desikan S, Ashok Kumar P, Balk S, Huang K, Beaulieu JM, Schulz S, Stumm R. ACKR3 Regulation of Neuronal Migration Requires ACKR3 Phosphorylation, but Not β-Arrestin. Cell Rep. 2019 Feb 5;26(6):1473-1488.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.049. PubMed PMID: 30726732.

Glück L, Loktev A, Moulédous L, Mollereau C, Law PY, Schulz S. Loss of morphine reward and dependence in mice lacking G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5. Biol Psychiatry. 2014 Nov 15;76(10):767-74. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.01.021. Epub 2014 Feb 3. PubMed PMID: 24629717; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4119866.

For further reading refer to: Kliewer A, Reinscheid RK, Schulz S. Emerging Paradigms of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Dephosphorylation. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2017 Jul;38(7):621-636.... read more »
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For further reading refer to:

Kliewer A, Reinscheid RK, Schulz S. Emerging Paradigms of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Dephosphorylation. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2017 Jul;38(7):621-636. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2017.04.002. Epub 2017 May 4. Review. PubMed PMID: 28478994.

Miess E, Gondin AB, Yousuf A, Steinborn R, Mösslein N, Yang Y, Göldner M, Ruland JG, Bünemann M, Krasel C, Christie MJ, Halls ML, Schulz S, Canals M. Multisite phosphorylation is required for sustained interaction with GRKs and arrestins during rapid μ-opioid receptor desensitization. Sci Signal. 2018 Jul 17;11(539). pii: eaas9609. doi: 10.1126/scisignal.aas9609. PubMed PMID: 30018083.

Kliewer A, Schmiedel F, Sianati S, Bailey A, Bateman JT, Levitt ES, Williams JT, Christie MJ, Schulz S. Phosphorylation-deficient G-protein-biased μ-opioid receptors improve analgesia and diminish tolerance but worsen opioid side effects. Nat Commun. 2019 Jan 21;10(1):367. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-08162-1. PubMed PMID: 30664663; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6341117.

Mann A, Moulédous L, Froment C, O'Neill PR, Dasgupta P, Günther T, Brunori G, Kieffer BL, Toll L, Bruchas MR, Zaveri NT, Schulz S. Agonist-selective NOP receptor phosphorylation correlates in vitro and in vivo and reveals differential post-activation signaling by chemically diverse agonists. Sci Signal. 2019 Mar 26;12(574). pii: eaau8072. doi: 10.1126/scisignal.aau8072. PubMed PMID: 30914485; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6934085.

Saaber F, Schütz D, Miess E, Abe P, Desikan S, Ashok Kumar P, Balk S, Huang K, Beaulieu JM, Schulz S, Stumm R. ACKR3 Regulation of Neuronal Migration Requires ACKR3 Phosphorylation, but Not β-Arrestin. Cell Rep. 2019 Feb 5;26(6):1473-1488.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.049. PubMed PMID: 30726732.

Glück L, Loktev A, Moulédous L, Mollereau C, Law PY, Schulz S. Loss of morphine reward and dependence in mice lacking G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5. Biol Psychiatry. 2014 Nov 15;76(10):767-74. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.01.021. Epub 2014 Feb 3. PubMed PMID: 24629717; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4119866.

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