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Phosphorylation of intracellular serine and threonine residues is the most important post translational modification of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) also called heptahelical or seven transmembrane receptors (7TMR). After agonist exposure, these receptors acquire an active conformation, which is recognized by a family of highly specialized GPCR kinases (GRKs). Agonist-driven phosphorylation by GRKs regulates acute receptor desensitization, arrestin recruitment, internalization, post-activation signaling, long-term tolerance and drug addiction. Phosphosite-specific 7TM antibodies are designed to specifically detect agonist-activated GPCRs. In fact, recent work shows that ligand profiling using phosphosite-specific 7TM antibodies provides valuble information on ligand bias beyond that obtained with conventional ß-arrestin recruitment assays. Phosphosite-specific 7TM antibodies are novel tools for GPCR research that can be used to:

  • profile agonist properties of novel GPCR ligands
  • decipher the phosphorylation barcode of GPCRs
  • determine the spatial and temporal dynamics of receptor phosphorylation
  • identify relevant kinases and phosphatases for GPCR phosphorylation and dephosphoryation

Lifecycle3

Schematic representation of the G protein-coupled receptor phosphorylation / dephosphorylation cycle. GRK, G protein-coupled receptor kinase; PKC, protein kinase C; cPP1, catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 1; R*, activated GPCR; CCP, clathrin-coated pit. 

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pT369/pS370-EP4 (phospho-EP4 Prostanoid Receptor Antibody)
pT369/pS370-EP4 (phospho-EP4 Prostanoid...
Threonine369/Serine370 (T369/S370) is major phosphorylation site of the EP4 Prostanoid Receptor (EP4). The pT369/pS370-EP4 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to agonists. T369/S370 phosphorylation is likely to be involved in...
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Agonist-induced Serine379/Serine380 phosphorylation of the EP3 Prostanoid Receptor
pS379/pS380-EP3 (phospho-EP3 Prostanoid...
Serine379/Serine380 (S379/S380) is major phosphorylation site of the EP3 Prostanoid Receptor (EP3). The pS379/pS380-EP3 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to agonists. S379/S380 phosphorylation is likely to be involved in...
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Agonist-induced Threonine372/Serine373 phosphorylation of the EP3 Prostanoid Receptor
pT372/pS373-EP3 (phospho-EP3 Prostanoid...
Threonine372/Serine373 (T372/S373) is major phosphorylation site of the EP3 Prostanoid Receptor (EP3). The pT372/pS373-EP3 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to agonists. T372/S373 phosphorylation is likely to be involved in...
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Agonist-induced Serine369/Serine370 phosphorylation of the EP3 Prostanoid Receptor
pS369/pS370-EP3 (phospho-EP3 Prostanoid...
Serine369/Serine370 (S369/S370) is major phosphorylation site of the EP3 Prostanoid Receptor (EP3). The pS369/pS370-EP3 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to agonists. S369/S370 phosphorylation is likely to be involved in...
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Agonist-induced Serine347/Threonine348phosphorylation of the EP2 Prostanoid Receptor
pS347/pT348-EP2 (phospho-EP2 Prostanoid...
Serine347/Threonine348 (S347/T348) is major phosphorylation site of the EP2 Prostanoid Receptor (EP2). The pS347/pT348-EP2 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to agonists. S347/T348 phosphorylation is likely to be involved in...
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Agonist-induced Threonine344/Serine345 phosphorylation of the EP2 Prostanoid Receptor
pT344/pS345-EP2 (phospho-EP2 Prostanoid...
Threonine344/Serine345 (T344/S345) is major phosphorylation site of the EP2 Prostanoid Receptor (EP2). The pT344/pS345-EP2 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to agonists. T344/S345 phosphorylation is likely to be involved in...
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Agonist-induced Threonine342/Threonine344 phosphorylation of the EP2 Prostanoid Receptor
pT342/pT344-EP2 (phospho-EP2 Prostanoid...
Threonine342/Threonine344 (T342/T344) is major phosphorylation site of the EP2 Prostanoid Receptor (EP2). The pT342/pT344-EP2 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to agonists. T342/T344 phosphorylation is likely to be involved in...
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Agonist-induced Threonine344/Serine345 phosphorylation of the Prostanoid Receptor 2
pT344/pS345-DP2 (phospho-DP2 Prostanoid...
Threonine344/Serine345 (T344/S345) is major phosphorylation site of the DP2 Prostanoid Receptor (DP2). The pT344/pS345-DP2 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to agonists. T344/S345 phosphorylation is likely to be involved in...
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pS338/pS339-DP2 (phospho-DP2 Prostanoid Receptor Antibody)
pS338/pS339-DP2 (phospho-DP2 Prostanoid...
Serine338/Serine339 (S338/S339) is major phosphorylation site of the DP2 Prostanoid Receptor (DP2). The pS338/pS339-DP2 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to agonists. S338/S339 phosphorylation is likely to be involved in...
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Agonist-induced Serine441 phosphorylation of the Cannabinoid Receptor 1
pS441-CB1 (phospho-Cannabinoid Receptor 1...
Serine441 (S441) is major phosphorylation site of the Cannabinoid Receptor 1 (CB1). The pS441-CB1 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to agonists. S441 phosphorylation is likely to be involved in efficient ligand sequestration...
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Agonist-induced Serine429 phosphorylation of the Cannabinoid Receptor 1
pS429-CB1 (phospho-Cannabinoid Receptor 1...
Serine429 (S429) is major phosphorylation site of the Cannabinoid Receptor 1 (CB1). The pS429-CB1 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to agonists. S429 phosphorylation is likely to be involved in efficient ligand sequestration...
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Agonist-induced Serine305/Serine306 phosphorylation of the FFA Receptor 3
pS305/pS306-FFA3 (phospho-FFA3 Antibody)
Serine305/Serine306 (S305/S306) is major phosphorylation site of the FFA Receptor 3 (FFA3). The pS305/pS306-FFA3 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to agonists. S305/S306 phosphorylation is likely to be involved in efficient...
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Agonist-induced Serine346/Serine349/Threonine352 phosphorylation of the NPS Receptor
pS346/pS349/pT352-NPSR (phospho-NPS Receptor...
Serine346/Serine349/threonine352 (S346/S349/T352) is major phosphorylation site of the NPS Receptor (NPSR). The pS346/pS349/pT352-NPRS antibody detects phosphorylation in response to agonists. S346/S349/T352 phosphorylation is likely to...
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Agonist-induced Serine221/Serine224 phosphorylation of GPR84
pS221/pS224-GPR84 (phospho-GPR84 Antibody)
Serine221/Serine224 (S221/S224) is major phosphorylation site of human GPR84 receptor. The pS221/pS224-GPR84 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to agonists. S221/S224 phosphorylation is likely to be involved in efficient ligand...
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Agonist-induced Threonine263/Threonine264 phosphorylation of GPR84
pT263/pT264-GPR84 (phospho-GPR84 Antibody)
Threonine263/Threonine264 (T263/T264) is major phosphorylation site of human GPR84 receptor. The pT263/pT264-GPR84 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to agonists. T263/T264 phosphorylation is likely to be involved in efficient...
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Agonist-induced Serine361 phosphorylation of the Neuropeptide FF Receptor 1
pS361-NPFF1 (phospho-Neuropeptide FF Receptor 1...
Serine361 (S361) is major phosphorylation site of the Neuropeptide FF Receptor 1 (NPFF1). The pS361-NPFF1 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to agonists. S361 phosphorylation is likely to be involved in efficient ligand...
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For further reading refer to:

Kliewer A, Reinscheid RK, Schulz S. Emerging Paradigms of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Dephosphorylation. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2017 Jul;38(7):621-636. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2017.04.002. Epub 2017 May 4. Review. PubMed PMID: 28478994.

Miess E, Gondin AB, Yousuf A, Steinborn R, Mösslein N, Yang Y, Göldner M, Ruland JG, Bünemann M, Krasel C, Christie MJ, Halls ML, Schulz S, Canals M. Multisite phosphorylation is required for sustained interaction with GRKs and arrestins during rapid μ-opioid receptor desensitization. Sci Signal. 2018 Jul 17;11(539). pii: eaas9609. doi: 10.1126/scisignal.aas9609. PubMed PMID: 30018083.

Kliewer A, Schmiedel F, Sianati S, Bailey A, Bateman JT, Levitt ES, Williams JT, Christie MJ, Schulz S. Phosphorylation-deficient G-protein-biased μ-opioid receptors improve analgesia and diminish tolerance but worsen opioid side effects. Nat Commun. 2019 Jan 21;10(1):367. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-08162-1. PubMed PMID: 30664663; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6341117.

Mann A, Moulédous L, Froment C, O'Neill PR, Dasgupta P, Günther T, Brunori G, Kieffer BL, Toll L, Bruchas MR, Zaveri NT, Schulz S. Agonist-selective NOP receptor phosphorylation correlates in vitro and in vivo and reveals differential post-activation signaling by chemically diverse agonists. Sci Signal. 2019 Mar 26;12(574). pii: eaau8072. doi: 10.1126/scisignal.aau8072. PubMed PMID: 30914485; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6934085.

Saaber F, Schütz D, Miess E, Abe P, Desikan S, Ashok Kumar P, Balk S, Huang K, Beaulieu JM, Schulz S, Stumm R. ACKR3 Regulation of Neuronal Migration Requires ACKR3 Phosphorylation, but Not β-Arrestin. Cell Rep. 2019 Feb 5;26(6):1473-1488.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.049. PubMed PMID: 30726732.

Glück L, Loktev A, Moulédous L, Mollereau C, Law PY, Schulz S. Loss of morphine reward and dependence in mice lacking G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5. Biol Psychiatry. 2014 Nov 15;76(10):767-74. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.01.021. Epub 2014 Feb 3. PubMed PMID: 24629717; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4119866.

For further reading refer to: Kliewer A, Reinscheid RK, Schulz S. Emerging Paradigms of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Dephosphorylation. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2017 Jul;38(7):621-636.... read more »
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For further reading refer to:

Kliewer A, Reinscheid RK, Schulz S. Emerging Paradigms of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Dephosphorylation. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2017 Jul;38(7):621-636. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2017.04.002. Epub 2017 May 4. Review. PubMed PMID: 28478994.

Miess E, Gondin AB, Yousuf A, Steinborn R, Mösslein N, Yang Y, Göldner M, Ruland JG, Bünemann M, Krasel C, Christie MJ, Halls ML, Schulz S, Canals M. Multisite phosphorylation is required for sustained interaction with GRKs and arrestins during rapid μ-opioid receptor desensitization. Sci Signal. 2018 Jul 17;11(539). pii: eaas9609. doi: 10.1126/scisignal.aas9609. PubMed PMID: 30018083.

Kliewer A, Schmiedel F, Sianati S, Bailey A, Bateman JT, Levitt ES, Williams JT, Christie MJ, Schulz S. Phosphorylation-deficient G-protein-biased μ-opioid receptors improve analgesia and diminish tolerance but worsen opioid side effects. Nat Commun. 2019 Jan 21;10(1):367. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-08162-1. PubMed PMID: 30664663; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6341117.

Mann A, Moulédous L, Froment C, O'Neill PR, Dasgupta P, Günther T, Brunori G, Kieffer BL, Toll L, Bruchas MR, Zaveri NT, Schulz S. Agonist-selective NOP receptor phosphorylation correlates in vitro and in vivo and reveals differential post-activation signaling by chemically diverse agonists. Sci Signal. 2019 Mar 26;12(574). pii: eaau8072. doi: 10.1126/scisignal.aau8072. PubMed PMID: 30914485; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6934085.

Saaber F, Schütz D, Miess E, Abe P, Desikan S, Ashok Kumar P, Balk S, Huang K, Beaulieu JM, Schulz S, Stumm R. ACKR3 Regulation of Neuronal Migration Requires ACKR3 Phosphorylation, but Not β-Arrestin. Cell Rep. 2019 Feb 5;26(6):1473-1488.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.049. PubMed PMID: 30726732.

Glück L, Loktev A, Moulédous L, Mollereau C, Law PY, Schulz S. Loss of morphine reward and dependence in mice lacking G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5. Biol Psychiatry. 2014 Nov 15;76(10):767-74. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.01.021. Epub 2014 Feb 3. PubMed PMID: 24629717; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4119866.

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